Participation in experimental arm of clinical trialīeing given a questionnaire with screening kit
#Hawthorne studies full#
The most recent database searches took place on Janufor the following databases: Web of Science (1970-), MEDLINE (1950-), BIOSIS Previews (1969-), PsycInfo (1806-), CINAHL Plus with full text (1937-), ERIC (1966-), PubMed (1950-), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (1947-), Embase (1947-), Sociological Abstracts (1952-), National Criminal Justice Reference Service Abstracts (NCJRS 1970-), Social Services Abstracts (1979-), Linguistics and Language Behavior Abstracts (LLBA 1973-), the International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (1951-), APPI Journals (1844-), British Nursing Index (1992-), ADOLEC (1980-), Social Policy and Practice (1890-), British Humanities Index (1962-), Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstract (1987-), Inspec (1969-), and PsycARTICLES (1988-). Experts identified in included studies and elsewhere were contacted. In addition, included studies and key excluded references were backward searched for additional references and forward searched to identify reports that cited these articles.
Studies were primarily identified in electronic databases. Studies of the Hawthorne effect that incorporate nonresearch components, including cointerventions such as feedback, hamper evaluation and are also excluded, as were reanalyses of the original Hawthorne factory data set by virtue of nonresearch cointerventions such as managerial changes (see Ref. Studies were excluded if: unpublished or in grey literature on the grounds that it is not possible to systematically assess these literature in an unbiased manner discussion articles and commentaries were not considered to constitute empirical research they referenced or used the term Hawthorne effect incidentally or described it as a design feature or as part of the study context, or invoked it as an explanation for study findings.
#Hawthorne studies trial#
Studies that described their aims in other ways and also referred to the Hawthorne effect as an alternative conceptualization of the object of evaluation were included as were studies that have other primary aims such as the evaluation of an intervention in a trial in which assessment of the Hawthorne effect is clearly stated as a secondary aim of the study, for example, with the incorporation of control groups with and without Hawthorne effect characteristics. Behavioral outcomes incorporate direct measures of behavior and also the consequences of specific behaviors. Studies were included if they were based on empirical research comprising either primary or secondary data analyses were published in English language peer-reviewed journals were purposively designed to determine the presence of, or measure the size of, the Hawthorne effect, as stated in the introduction or methods sections of the article or before the presentation of findings if the report is not organized in this way and reported quantitative data on the Hawthorne effect on a behavioral outcome either in observational designs comparing measures taken before and after a dedicated research manipulation or between groups in randomized or nonrandomized experimental studies.
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